The Ideal Lime-Softened Water
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Reuse of water treatment residuals from lime softening, Part I: Applications for the reuse of lime sludge from water softening
Lime sludge, an inert material mostly composed of calcium carbonate, is the result of softening hard water before distribution as drinking water. A large city such as Des Moines, Iowa, produces about 32 000 tons of lime sludge (dry-weight basis) annually. This is about half of the lime sludge produced in Iowa per year in eight different cities, and these cities currently have 371 800 tons (dry-...
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In the first part of this paper I review the understanding of anomalous properties of water in terms of particles interacting by core-softened potentials. I discuss the origin of the bulk anomalies in terms of the two different configurations of neighbor particles: low energy–high volume and high energy–low volume. In the second part I study some anomalies of water under strong spatial confinem...
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Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the relationship between water-like anomalies and the liquid-liquid critical point in a family of model fluids with multi-Gaussian, core-softened pair interactions. The core-softened pair interactions have two length scales, such that the longer length scale associated with a shallow, attractive well is kept constant while the shorter length sc...
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Using molecular dynamics simulations we investigate the thermodynamics of particles interacting with continuous and discrete versions of a core-softened (CS) intermolecular potential composed by a repulsive shoulder. Dynamical and structural properties are also analyzed by the simulations. We show that in the continuous version of the CS potential the density at constant pressure has a maximum ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal - American Water Works Association
سال: 1951
ISSN: 0003-150X
DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1951.tb19020.x